General hardwood floor cleaning. To make a safe floor cleaning solution for general floor cleaning, mix one cup of 35% peroxide solution (cleaning grade) with one gallon of water. You can use an alternative to get the same peroxide cleaning solution: mix one tablespoon of Sodium Percarbonate with a gallon of water.For a quick and convenient solution, use Clorox ® Scentiva ® Disinfecting Wet Mopping Cloths 1 to disinfect hardwood floors. They kill 99.9% of germs 2 and are bleach-free and safe to use on sealed or finished hardwood floors. They are pre-saturated with cleaning solution and fit Swiffer ® Sweeper 3 and other standard …Mar 15, 2023 ... Squeeze a few sprays of wood floor cleaner on the floor and clean the area with a scrub or deck brush. This scrub brush features durable ...Step 1: Dusting. Sweep or vacuum dust and other debris using a soft-bristled broom or a vacuum recommended for hardwood floors. If you use a hard-bristled broom or a …You can use mineral spirits and elbow grease on one small area at a time to remove the milky look of acrylic waxes. To completely restore the shine though, …Use Bleach and a Toothbrush. To remove dark water stains from wood floors, you have two options. Dip a small brush (such as a toothbrush) into a small amount of bleach and rub it onto the stain. Do a second round after several hours and let the area rest until the next day. Alternatively, you can strip, sand, …For basic cleaning, combine these ingredients. 1 gallon of warm water. 1/4 cup white vinegar. (optional) 5-10 drops of essential oil or lemon juice. To add some extra shine to the floor as you clean, try this recipe! 1 gallon of warm water. 3/4 cup olive oil. 1/2 cup lemon juice.Dry clean your unfinished hardwood floor using a dust mop, broom, or vacuum. Most of the time, cleaning ends here, but if you have stains you want to be removed, or if you want to make the surface shiny, proceed to the next steps. To remove stains, use mineral spirits, ammonia, or trisodium phosphate.Apply Dishwashing Liquid and Water. If the paint is water-based, mix a few drops of dishwashing liquid in two cups of very warm water. Dip a microfiber cloth in the solution and wring until just damp. Working in the direction of the wood grain, scrub the paint-splattered area.However, if you do, wipe up any standing water to avoid damaging your hardwood. Use floor cleaners designed for hardwood. Avoid these and other similar harsh products: ammonia-based or wax-based cleaners, detergents, bleach, polishes, oil soaps, abrasive cleaning soaps, or acidic substances like vinegar.If you're looking to remove water stains from carpeting, Rothbard recommends the tried-and-true method of using vinegar as a cleaning agent. "Mix equal parts vinegar and water in a bowl and, using a cloth rag, gently apply the mixture to the water stains on your carpet by pressing down repeatedly until the … Mop your floors using a damp mop or hand wash with a damp rag. Mop in straight lines if you are using a sponge mop, or a figure eight pattern for rag mops. Use a paper towel or rag to clean hard to reach corners. Use a microfiber cloth or towel to go over the floors after you finish mopping to pick up excess water. Jul 18, 2022 · Deep-cleaning hardwood floors will usually remove the wax or oiled finish, requiring a reapplication. ‘Check to see if your floor is well-sealed: if the sealer is worn or damaged then it is a good idea to use a floor sealer,’ says Liberon's Mike Morris. ‘This will enhance the color of the wood and help to protect it from stains and ... Dry cleaning is the best way to clean hardwood floors. Vacuum and clean with a broom regularly and occasionally use a damp, well wrung-out cloth/mop. For best results, use Kährs Spray Cleaner. Remember that Beech and …Story by Lauren Burwell. • 1d • 4 min read. Learn how to clean prefinished hardwood floors so you can get a beautiful surface that last a lifetime.Put a small drop of water on the floor. If the water stays in a bead, the floor is sealed. If the water is slowly absorbed into the floor, the floor is unsealed. All hardwood floors—whether sealed or unsealed—must first be swept …Rubber Broom. Rather than a regular broom, grab a rubber one. Rubber loves to attract pet hair. Therefore, a broom with rubber bristles can be your hardwood floor's best friend. Sweep the floor as usual. Run the broom along the wall to ensure you get trapped hair on the trim. Rinse the broom when done to remove stuck hair.The best way to clean tile floors is to sweep the floors regularly to remove fresh dirt and debris, then to mop the tiles whenever the floors are too dirty to sweep clean. Cleaning...Mop with the grain of the wood and work in small sections. Rinse your mop frequently in clean water to avoid spreading dirt. Mop with the grain: Move the mop in the direction of …Step 1: Sweep or Vacuum. The first step in cleaning fake wood floors is to remove loose dirt, dust, and debris. You can use a soft-bristle broom or a vacuum cleaner with a floor attachment to gently sweep or vacuum the surface. Be sure to pay special attention to the corners and edges where dirt tends to …Deep-cleaning hardwood floors will usually remove the wax or oiled finish, requiring a reapplication. ‘Check to see if your floor is well-sealed: if the sealer is worn or damaged then it is a good idea to use a floor sealer,’ says Liberon's Mike Morris. ‘This will enhance the color of the wood and help to protect it from stains …Step 1: Dusting. Sweep or vacuum dust and other debris using a soft-bristled broom or a vacuum recommended for hardwood floors. If you use a hard-bristled broom or a …Work with two buckets: one with the soap mix and the other with clean water for rinsing. Mop the soap mix onto your oiled floor (with as little water transfer as possible). After letting the soap sit briefly on the oiled wood floor to dissolve any dirt, make sure to clean up any dirty soap water with your wrung out mop.How to clean hardwood floors. What you'll need. Microfiber mop or broom. Vacuum cleaner. Hard floor cleaning solution. Wood floor polish or floor wax (optional) 1. …Maker's Cleaning Cloths: http://MakersClean.comSubscribe for a Cleaner Life! http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceYTJoin the CleanMySpace.com …After completing a section, use a dry mop or dry microfiber cloth to dry the space in the same pattern. This will work better than paper towels. Repeat until the entire floor is clean. Change your ...https://amzn.to/2VIziQ8 It removes dirt and cleans the wood floors (and wood cabinets) well.You'll want to apply a polish/wax such as this one https://amzn.t...Last Updated: July 28, 2022. If your hardwood floors could use a refresh, you’ve come to the right place. Learn how to clean hardwood floors with tried-and-true methods, stellar natural cleaners, and the right tools for a …With an extra thorough cleaning you get rid of stubborn stains, dried residues and heavy dirt build-up. Use an oxygenated deep cleaner formula developed for hardwood floors and a microfiber deep cleaning pad to provide extra cleaning power and prevent odor-causing bacteria.May 19, 2023 · 1. Sweep or dust your floors daily. For quick, everyday maintenance, use a broom or microfiber dust mop to pick up dust, dirt and crumbs that accumulate throughout the day. This will help prevent ... How Often to Clean Hardwood Floors. Lightly clean hardwood floors a few times a week. Once a month (or more often if necessary), mop your wooden floors to deep-clean the wood and make them shine. To …Jun 23, 2022 ... Close up shot of a large dry mop on a wood floor. How Do You Clean Wood Floors? · Dry-mop at least twice a week using a microfiber head, ...Jul 6, 2019 · Bucket and Rag Method. One of the ways to clean a wood floor with vinegar and water is to use a microfiber cloth, dip it into the bucket of vinegar water ( 1/2 cup of vinegar to 1 gallon of water) wring it out almost dry and clean the floor on your hands and knees. You can add a few drops of essential oils for cleaning to the vinegar and water ... Apply Dishwashing Liquid and Water. If the paint is water-based, mix a few drops of dishwashing liquid in two cups of very warm water. Dip a microfiber cloth in the solution and wring until just damp. Working in the direction of the wood grain, scrub the paint-splattered area.After completing a section, use a dry mop or dry microfiber cloth to dry the space in the same pattern. This will work better than paper towels. Repeat until the entire …With an extra thorough cleaning you get rid of stubborn stains, dried residues and heavy dirt build-up. Use an oxygenated deep cleaner formula developed for hardwood floors and a microfiber deep cleaning pad to provide extra cleaning power and prevent odor-causing bacteria.NATURAL SOLUTION. Mopping Floors With Vinegar. Learn the best ways to embrace this simple ingredient in your floor cleaning routine. You can …Follow directions when diluting the product with water to create your cleaning solution. Upon taking the mop out of the bucket of solution, make sure to wring ...Remove debris: sweep, dry mop or vacuum. Cleaning dirt deep in your hardwood floors is impossible with loose particles on the floor. You need to make sure you have a clean floor with no debris to really deep clean. You can do this by sweeping, dry mopping or vacuuming. Mop your floor with the grain and follow manufacturer instructions.When it comes to choosing the right flooring for uneven floors, engineered wood flooring is often considered one of the best options available. Engineered wood flooring offers a ra...If you’ve invested in high-quality tile flooring from Floor & Decor, you’ll want to keep it looking its best for years to come. And that all starts with effective maintenance. Ther...For this method, you'll need: White vinegar. Water. Spray bottle. Microfiber mop. Start by mixing equal parts of white vinegar and water in your spray bottle. Then, mist your hardwood floors with the mixture and start mopping. Be sure to rinse the area well afterward and top it off with a dab of hardwood floor cleaner.Laminate is naturally protected, but you need to learn how to clean laminate wood floors to keep them in good condition and looking brilliant. Learn more, here. Clean Hardwood Floors Naturally. Browse Hardwood and Floor Care. Preserve the natural beauty of your floors with cleaning tips, advice and how-to's on …Learn how to identify your floor's finish and choose the right cleaning products and techniques for dusting, deep cleaning, and …Laminate is naturally protected, but you need to learn how to clean laminate wood floors to keep them in good condition and looking brilliant. Learn more, here. Clean Hardwood Floors Naturally. Browse Hardwood and Floor Care. Preserve the natural beauty of your floors with cleaning tips, advice and how-to's on …Simply remove all furniture and rugs, then sweep, vacuum-clean or dust-mop your floor, and give it a wet cleaning with Bona Wood Floor Cleaner. Then squirt Bona Polish onto the floor, spread it with an applicator, and let it dry. Give it an hour before you walk on it, and 24 hours before allowing heavy traffic to resume.1T powdered Tide in 1 gal boiling water. Add 1/4C bleach if you want to disinfect. Mop with a very well-wrung mop. Change mop water often. Go over the floors 2-3 times, until mop water is virtually clear after rinsing & wringing several times. Do not use Bona, Murphy's or any squirt+mop product. Good luck!Rubber Broom. Rather than a regular broom, grab a rubber one. Rubber loves to attract pet hair. Therefore, a broom with rubber bristles can be your hardwood floor's best friend. Sweep the floor as usual. Run the broom along the wall to ensure you get trapped hair on the trim. Rinse the broom when done to remove stuck hair.For this method, you'll need: White vinegar. Water. Spray bottle. Microfiber mop. Start by mixing equal parts of white vinegar and water in your spray bottle. Then, mist your hardwood floors with the mixture and start mopping. Be sure to rinse the area well afterward and top it off with a dab of hardwood floor cleaner.May 19, 2023 · 1. Sweep or dust your floors daily. For quick, everyday maintenance, use a broom or microfiber dust mop to pick up dust, dirt and crumbs that accumulate throughout the day. This will help prevent ... How to Clean Wood Floors: The Best Way to Keep Hardwood Floor Clean. HowToCreatorss. 82.8K subscribers. Subscribed. 1.2K. 346K views 5 years ago. Learn … Mop your floors using a damp mop or hand wash with a damp rag. Mop in straight lines if you are using a sponge mop, or a figure eight pattern for rag mops. Use a paper towel or rag to clean hard to reach corners. Use a microfiber cloth or towel to go over the floors after you finish mopping to pick up excess water. Engineered Wood Plank Care Tips & Techniques. Keep your engineered flooring swept, clean, and dry on a daily basis. This will keep mopping to a minimum and prevent abrasive particulates from scratching the surface. Use either a vacuum cleaner with a soft flooring attachment, or a broom. A vacuum beater bar can …Jul 18, 2022 · Deep-cleaning hardwood floors will usually remove the wax or oiled finish, requiring a reapplication. ‘Check to see if your floor is well-sealed: if the sealer is worn or damaged then it is a good idea to use a floor sealer,’ says Liberon's Mike Morris. ‘This will enhance the color of the wood and help to protect it from stains and ... High-traffic areas are often the perfect spots for vinyl flooring, as this durable material tends to take a beating in stride. The best way to clean a vinyl floor depends on the ty...To make engineered hardwood floors look new again, follow these steps: • Regularly sweep or vacuum to remove dirt and dust. • Use a gentle wood floor cleaner to clean the …1. Sweep your floors with a soft broom. Daily maintenance will help keep old hardwood floors in the best shape. Sweep or dust them daily to remove dirt, dust, pet hair, and other debris. Be sure to sweep in the direction of the wood grain to prevent dirt and grime from getting stuck in cracks between planks.Mix together a 50-50 white vinegar and distilled water mixture inside a spray bottle. Shake the bottle a bit before using. If you dislike the smell of vinegar, add in a few drops of an essential oil, such as lemon. This solution can be stored for a number of weeks without losing its cleaning power.This is how to clean hardwood floors like a PRO!! You don't need expensive products or chemicals to do this job. This hardwood floor cleaning method is al...Mix a fresh batch of this solution each time you use it so the oil doesn't become rancid. 2. Make a cleansing polish with vinegar, olive oil and hot water. Combine ¼ cup (120 mL) of olive oil and ⅓ cup (80 mL) of white vinegar. Add in 5 cups (1.2 L) of hot water. You can also put in up to 12 drops of essential oils.Pressing down firmly, make several strokes back and forth in the direction of the grain of the wood floor. Rinse your mop in the sink or in the bucket of fresh water when the mop becomes soiled, wring it well, then dip the mop back in the floor washing solution. Again, wring the mop until only slightly damp.When using a mop or rag with the cleaner, wring it out until it feels nearly dry. You never want puddles of water to sit on your floor. If want a very shiny appearance, take heed: Your floor’s original finish dictates how shiny it will appear. A gloss finish is shiniest and reflects the most light. Mix ½ cup of white vinegar with an equal amount of water. Use a clean cloth or a sponge to apply the solution on the area and let it stay for 10 minutes before drying out with a dry towel. This helps remove the top layer of the dried urine from the floor. Use a clean dust mop to wipe away any dirt on your flooring. 2. Then you’ll need the correct laminate floor cleaning product. 3. Spray the solution on your floor or mop pad and use a dry, clean mop to clean the area. 4. Let the floor air dry (a fan can be used if needed). 5.Jan 25, 2023 ... Avoid solutions like chlorine, bleach, ammonia, pine oil or vinegar that use harsh chemicals when cleaning hardwood flooring. Instead, choose a ...Let's do this! Learn everything you want about Cleaning Wood Floors with the wikiHow Cleaning Wood Floors Category. Learn about topics such as How to Polish Wood Floors, How to Remove Mold Stains from Wood Floors, How to Clean Engineered Hardwood Floors, and more with our helpful step-by-step instructions with photos and videos.How to deep clean hard wood floors naturally with kids. Bona is a hardwood floor cleaner that is gentle and effective.To tell the difference in a pinch, just rub your finger across the floor. Be sure to do this on a clean floor. If no smudge appears, the floor is surface sealed. If you do create a smudge, the ...Clean floors can go a long way in helping your whole house look cleaner. If you have a good vacuum cleaner, it can help you keep your floors free of dirt and dust. Canister vacuums...2. Mix Cleaning Solution. Combine 1 cup of water, 1/2 cup of white vinegar, and 1 to 2 teaspoons of dish soap. Mix thoroughly and pour into an empty spray bottle. Urine can be acidic or basic depending on circumstances, and the vinegar will break down any basic compounds contributing to the odor.To clean your old hardwood floors, start by thoroughly sweeping them. Afterward, use a PH-neutral cleaner, like dish soap and water, to mop them. Use a sponge to scrub spots with a lot of buildup. If your floors don’t come clean, consider purchasing a hardwood floor refinishing kit that doesn’t require sanding …You can use mineral spirits and elbow grease on one small area at a time to remove the milky look of acrylic waxes. To completely restore the shine though, …Mix a few cups of water with a few drops of dish soap in a bucket. Gently mix to the point that you can see a few traces of foam, but no large bubbles. Dip your mop in the mixture and wring it out until it's slightly damp. Rub the mop in circular motions on your floor. Rinse out any dirt, squeeze until damp, and repeat …Jun 8, 2023 ... Prepare a solution by combining one cup of vinegar with two gallons of water. Immerse your mop in the mixture, allowing most of the water to ...Maker's Cleaning Cloths: http://MakersClean.comSubscribe for a Cleaner Life! http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceYTJoin the CleanMySpace.com Community! http://bit.ly/J...Step 1: Sweep or Vacuum. The first step in cleaning fake wood floors is to remove loose dirt, dust, and debris. You can use a soft-bristle broom or a vacuum cleaner with a floor attachment to gently sweep or vacuum the surface. Be sure to pay special attention to the corners and edges where dirt tends to …Feb 2, 2024 · To clean engineered hardwood floors effectively: Sweep or dust mop daily to remove surface dirt and prevent scratches. Vacuum weekly using a soft-bristle attachment to maintain cleanliness without damage. Damp mop with a gentle cleanser, like diluted dish soap, to tackle tough grime. Blot up spills immediately to prevent moisture damage. The best way to clean an entire room with laminate flooring is to use a damp microfiber or spray mop such as a Swiffer. These pick up dirt and grime without leaving streaks or pools of water. When washing a reusable mop head, don't use fabric softener, as this can leave residue behind the next time you clean the …When it comes to choosing the right flooring for uneven floors, engineered wood flooring is often considered one of the best options available. Engineered wood flooring offers a ra...Sep 30, 2019 · Get Rid of Tough Spots With Acetone. If you have tough spots you need to clean on your laminate floors, such as oil, paint, markers, ink or lipstick, you can apply acetone, like nail polish remover, on a clean white cloth. Wipe the spot with the damp cloth, but be sure not to let the liquid sit. Here are more DIY laminate floor repair tips. Jun 23, 2022 ... Close up shot of a large dry mop on a wood floor. How Do You Clean Wood Floors? · Dry-mop at least twice a week using a microfiber head, ...To do that, just fill a spray bottle with three drops of castile soap, five drops of lemon essential oil, and two cups of warm tap water. How it went: The castile soap, essential oil, and water mixture definitely cleaned the floor effectively, even lifting sticky residue from the wood.Always keep the amount of water you use to a minimum when cleaning your oiled wood floors. If you spill food or drinks, wipe it up immediately, to prevent any permanent damage or staining. Sweep or vacuum-clean your oiled floors as often as needed. Use Bona’s mild, specially-formulated Cleaner For Oiled Floors. Just spray and wipe!Dry Mop and Vacuum. Use a dust/dry mop or a vacuum cleaner daily to remove surface dirt instead of a wet mop. A wet mop will pick up gritty particles and spread them around the floor. At best, this will contribute to streaks and residue. At worst, the grit will scratch and pit the surface of your floor.Wood floors are a popular choice for homeowners who want to add a touch of elegance and warmth to their living spaces. However, before you dive headfirst into the installation proc...2 gallons of warm water. ½ cup rubbing alcohol. ½ cup white vinegar. 1/8 tsp dish soap (without bleach, oils or moisturizers) Thoroughly mop the floor with the mixture. To avoid soap build up or any unwanted cleaner residue make sure you rinse and dry the floor afterward and not let the water sit on the surface.Mix together a 50-50 white vinegar and distilled water mixture inside a spray bottle. Shake the bottle a bit before using. If you dislike the smell of vinegar, add in a few drops of an essential oil, such as lemon. This solution can be stored for a number of weeks without losing its cleaning power.For a quick and convenient solution, use Clorox ® Scentiva ® Disinfecting Wet Mopping Cloths 1 to disinfect hardwood floors. They kill 99.9% of germs 2 and are bleach-free and safe to use on sealed or finished hardwood floors. They are pre-saturated with cleaning solution and fit Swiffer ® Sweeper 3 and other standard …
Dilute the ammonia. When using ammonia, it must be in an extremely diluted form -- no more than 1 or 2 teaspoons in 2 gallons of tepid water. Apply with a well wrung mop and rinse floor well with pure water. Better options follow below.. How do you cite a powerpoint
Aug 16, 2020 ... How to clean build-up on wood floors. This video tutorial will teach you what build up is on wooden floors, how to clean it, and then how to ...Use a DIY solution of apple cider vinegar and olive oil. Mix the two and apply the mixture to the scratch. Let it sit for a few minutes before wiping it off. Rub a wax stick over the scratch to fill it in. Buff the wax to smooth it out and restore shine to the floor.One of the best cleansers for vinyl flooring is apple cider vinegar. The acidity in the vinegar helps remove dirt and grime without leaving a buildup of soap or wax. Simply mix one cup of cider ...Step 4. Using back and forth motions along the grain of the wood, work in the cleaning solution with a dry microfiber mop. (Avoid pre-dampened pads; there’s ample moisture in the spray ...To clean up a gas spill on a garage floor, soak up the fuel with rags, saturate the floor with citrus cleanser, scrub the floor, rinse it thoroughly, place the rags outside until t...Clean floors can go a long way in helping your whole house look cleaner. If you have a good vacuum cleaner, it can help you keep your floors free of dirt and dust. Canister vacuums...You will use one full bottle of Polish for every 500 sq ft. Vacuum or dry dust your floor with a Bona Microfiber Dusting Pad to make sure dust and dirt is removed from your floor. Clean floors with the all-in-one Bona Premium Spray Mop for Wood Floors to remove any scuffs or spills and assure your floor is squeaky clean.For a quick and convenient solution, use Clorox ® Scentiva ® Disinfecting Wet Mopping Cloths 1 to disinfect hardwood floors. They kill 99.9% of germs 2 and are bleach-free and safe to use on sealed or finished hardwood floors. They are pre-saturated with cleaning solution and fit Swiffer ® Sweeper 3 and other standard …Clean floors can go a long way in helping your whole house look cleaner. If you have a good vacuum cleaner, it can help you keep your floors free of dirt and dust. Canister vacuums...However, if you do, wipe up any standing water to avoid damaging your hardwood. Use floor cleaners designed for hardwood. Avoid these and other similar harsh products: ammonia-based or wax-based cleaners, detergents, bleach, polishes, oil soaps, abrasive cleaning soaps, or acidic substances like vinegar.Here are steps on how to steam clean hardwood floors correctly: Begin by removing loose dirt, debris, and dust either through sweeping with a soft bristle broom or by vacuuming your floor using the right vacuum cleaner for hardwood floors. Assemble your steam cleaner machine by ensuring that the microfiber …Deep cleaning product. Fine grade steel wool. Bicarbonate of soda. Vinegar. And if you've got different flooring to clean? This is how to clean a floor like a pro – …For basic cleaning, combine these ingredients. 1 gallon of warm water. 1/4 cup white vinegar. (optional) 5-10 drops of essential oil or lemon juice. To add some extra shine to the floor as you clean, try this recipe! 1 gallon of warm water. 3/4 cup olive oil. 1/2 cup lemon juice.Use Bleach and a Toothbrush. To remove dark water stains from wood floors, you have two options. Dip a small brush (such as a toothbrush) into a small amount of bleach and rub it onto the stain. Do a second round after several hours and let the area rest until the next day. Alternatively, you can strip, sand, …Feb 27, 2024 ... The best cleaning solution for hardwood floors is a pH-neutral, water-based cleaner specifically designed for hardwood. These cleaners are ...With an extra thorough cleaning you get rid of stubborn stains, dried residues and heavy dirt build-up. Use an oxygenated deep cleaner formula developed for hardwood floors and a microfiber deep cleaning pad to provide extra cleaning power and prevent odor-causing bacteria.Jan 22, 2023 · It’s actually pretty easy; here are the basic steps: Step 1: Pick up loose dirt and dust with a vacuum, microfiber mop, or broom with split tips. Step 2: Determine whether your floors are protected with a surface or penetrating finish. Step 3: Pick a hardwood floor cleaner specially designed for your floor finish. Add 1/2-cup of dish soap to 1-gallon of warm water. Wring your mop to prevent adding too much water onto your floors. Move your dampened mop across your floors back and forth in long strokes with the grain of the wood. Use a clean, absorbent towel to pick up any excess water from the floor.Learn how to clean hardwood floors easily with Bona Hardwood Floor Cleaners, microfiber mops and microfiber mop pads. The best way to clean hardwood floors is with Bona For ….
Popular Topics
- Top rated computer chairsPhysical therapy requirements
- Magic mountain mapSole f80 review
- Where can you watch big bang theoryFrench tv shows
- Is state farm a good insurance companySwimming lesson for adults near me
- Auto detalingCadillac marg
- God the father god the son god the holy spiritHealdsburg ca wineries
- Cosmotology schools near mePercy jackson and the olympians episode 4